A range of chemicals are required to optimally meet consumer needs in a safe and cost-effective manner. The challenge to the detergent industry is to optimise the overall cleaning power to better address the demanding and evolving wash habits and consumer needs. They contain a range of ingredients, each of which contributes uniquely and cost-effectively to the overall cleaning profile. Modern household detergents and cleaning products are sophisticated formulations, designed to meet a large number of cleaning tasks from cleaning clothes or washing dishes to cleaning a variety of surfaces around the house, ranging from soft furnishings to floors to toilets. Starting with the production of detergents for households in the US in the 1930s, and moving through a series of innovations–from the introduction of “builders” in detergents in the 1940s, to the introduction of automatic dishwasher powders in the 1950s, to the development of pre-wash and stain remover enzymes in the 1960s, continuing with the development of liquid hand soaps and fabric conditioners in the 1970s, the introduction of compact detergents in the 1980s, and ultra compact powders, liquids and tablets in the 1990s – detergent products have improved to meet changing consumer needs. Synthetic soaps, commonly referred to as detergents, have undergone a long history of scientific and technological advances and diversification since that time. It was used in industries, but was too harsh for household use. In 1916, the first synthetic soap was made in Germany, mainly to overcome the shortage of natural materials in wartime. ![]() A number of technological advances in the soap making process occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which led to the beginning of commercial soap making on a large scale. Spread largely as a household chore to the American colonies. Historic highlights of detergent development and understanding of their environmental properties By the seventeenth century, soap was back in fashion in Europe soap making became a craft, and soap makers' guilds flourished in many major European cities. In other areas of the world, for example, in Japan, personal cleanliness remained a part of the culture and daily bathing was common. The negative impact on public health was exemplified by the Black Death plague epidemie in the fourteenth Century. ![]() With the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of soap in Europe diminished. The medicinal as well as social advantages of cleanliness were observed as early as the second Century by the Greek physician Galen. Elaborate public baths were constructed and the use of soap increased. As the Roman Empire developed the technology to provide a steady source of clean water by means of aqueducts, the bathing habits advaneed. Written evidence of soap making dates from 1500 BC, where a process in volving the combination of animal and vegetable fats with wood ash was described in the Ebers Papyrus. ![]() Evidence of soap making dates back to ancient Babylon, ca. Soaps, the first known and oldest Surfactants used for cleaning purposes, are sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification. Primitive cultures used plants found in their environment, such as the soap plant ( Chlorogalum pomeridianum) found in the western US, and soapberry (varieties within the family Sapindaceae) found in tropical areas throughout the world. In the Orient, for example, digested urine was used to clean the brightly coloured manmade clothing that was fashionable. Cleaning habits were related to cultural expectations, available natural resources, development of fabrics, and the development of technology. The concept of cleanliness has been important for mankind since ancient times when water and available natural Compounds were used for washing the body and cleaning clothes.
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